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Climate Change Matters: Women engaged in Renewable Energy
ISSUE 02 /VOLUME 2 » 04/2021
ENVIRONMENT
G E NDERED VOIC E S / 2021 / ENVI RONEMENT S PEC I AL
United Nations Development Programme United Nations office in Port Louis 6th Floor, Anglo-Mauritius House Intendance Street, P.O. Box 253 Web: www.mu.undp.org Twitter: @UNDPMauritius Facebook: www.facebook.com/mu.undp Instagram: undp.mauritius References Intro Page 1 European Union, (2019), ‘Women, Gender Equality and the Energy Transition in the EU’, https://www.europarl. europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2019/608867/IPOL_STU(2019)608867_EN.pdf Pg. 16 2 UNDP Mauritius, (2020), ‘New Skills for New Jobs - Opportunities for Women in the Renewable Energy Sector’, https://www.mu.undp.org/content/mauritius_and_seychelles/en/home/blog/2020/opportunities-for-womenin-the-renewable-energy-sector-in-time-o.html#:~:text=Opportunities%20for%20Women%20in%20the%20 Renewable%20Energy%20Sector,-According%20to%20the&text=In%20Mauritius%2C%20the%20energy%20sector,mere%205%25%20of%20this%20workforce Page 2 3 Rohideen R., (2012), ‘The implications of clean and renewable energy development for gender equality in poor communities in South Asia’, published in 2012 IEEE Conference on Technology and Society in Asia (T&SA) Singapore, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6397976, 4 Rohideen R., (2012) 5 Cecelski E. (2000), ‘The Role of Women in Sustainable Energy Development’, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/26889.pdf, Pg v.
ii
6 Statistics Mauritius - Gender Statistics Year 2019, https://statsmauritius.govmu.org/Pages/Statistics/ESI/Gender/ Gender_Yr19.aspx, Pg 13 7 I nternational Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), (2019), ‘Renewable Energy: A Gender Perspective’, https://www.irena.org/publications/2019/Jan/Renewable-Energy-A-Gender-Perspective 8S ultan R. & Harsdorff M., (2014), Green Jobs Assessment Mauritius, International Labour Organisation, Rohideen R., (2012), Singapore, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6397976, Pg 28 9 Sultan R. & Harsdorff M., (2014), Green Jobs Assessment Mauritius, International Labour Organisation, Singapore, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6397976, Pg. 55 10 Pijuan G. I., (2018), ‘Gender inequality and energy poverty - A forgotten risk factor’, Engineering without Borders, https://esf-cat.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/ESFeres17-PobresaEnergeticaiDesigualtatdeGene re-ENG.pdf, Pg. 20 11 Statistics Mauritius – A Gender Approach 2018, https://gender.govmu.org/Documents/2020/Statistics%20in%20 Mauritius%20A%20Gender%20Approach%20Year%202018.pdf, Pg. 45 12 Clemente J.,(2015), ‘End Energy Poverty and Empower Women’, Forbes, https://www.forbes.com/sites/ judeclemente/2015/01/22/alleviating-energy-poverty-and-empowering-females/?sh=5d533e9641b7 13 Statistics Mauritius – Energy-Water Statistics 2019, https://statsmauritius.govmu.org/Pages/Statistics/ESI/ Energy_Water/Energy_Water_Yr19.aspx 14 UNDP Mauritius, ‘More Renewable Energy’, https://www.mu.undp.org/content/mauritius_and_seychelles/en/ home/sustainable-energy.html#:~:text=As%20per%20the%20Renewable%20Energy,wind%2C%20landfill%20 gas%20and%20solar. [Accessed: 12/02/2021] Page 11 15 International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), (2019), ‘Renewable Energy: A Gender Perspective’, https:// www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Jan/IRENA_Gender_perspective_2019.pdf, Pg. 9 16 ‘You can't be what you can't see': making tech careers a reality for women’, The Guardian Labs, https://www. theguardian.com/pwc-partner-zone/2017/feb/27/you-cant-be-what-you-cant-see-making-tech-careers-a-realityfor-women [Accessed: 12/02/2021]
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Climate Change Matters: Women engaged in Renewable Energy ISSUE 02/ VOLUME 2 » 04/2021
INTRODUCTION
Page 2-12
CLIMATE CHANGE MATTERS: WOMEN ENGAGED IN RENEWABLE ENERGY
Energy is not gender neutral.1 Globally only 22% of the workforce of the energy sector are women, while in Mauritius the figure is as low as 5% for a workforce of 2000 employees (0.4% of total employment).2 This situation spans the energy sector including production through renewable sources such as solar, wind, hydro, tidal, geothermal and biomass energy. Through insights into the experiences of women engaged in the Renewable Energy (RE) Sector and the fight against climate change, this second edition of UNDP Mauritius Gendered Voices Newsletter explores the multifaceted forms of gendered barriers women face in the energy sector. The edition also highlights the gender needs that must be addressed as part of empowering women and ‘Leaving No One Behind’ in efforts to build a green economy. This includes the implementation of measures such as mainstreaming gender; employing women and tackling gender pay gaps in the energy sector; and devising policies for women’s equitable access to RE sources of energy for their homes and businesses.
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Message from … Dr Kate O’Shaughnessy, Australian High Commissioner to Mauritius and Seychelles, Ambassador to Madagascar and Comoros the Australian Clean Energy Council’s Women in Renewables
And women are a vital part of this picture.
initiative. In confronting a task of this Renewable energy is part of
scale, we simply cannot afford
the solution to climate change,
to deploy just half of our human
one of the world’s most pressing
capital. We need women
challenges. The World Bank
engaged in every element of the
estimates that without a global
renewable energy supply chain,
response to climate change,
from research and development,
an additional 100 million people
to installation and maintenance.
could be living in extreme poverty by 2030.
As the case studies in this edition illustrate, women bring
1
Date: 29 March 2021
I
Women will be amongst those
technical know-how, creativity,
most severely affected, because
and drive to the renewable
their livelihoods so often depend
energy challenge.
on climate-sensitive sectors am delighted to contribute
like agriculture and the ocean
I’m especially pleased to note
economy.
the priority the UNDP and the
to this edition of Gendered
Mauritian Government are
Voices, not least because
As a global community, we all
giving to transitioning Mauritius
I represent a country
have a role to play in reducing
to a low carbon economy, and to
leading the world in
carbon emissions. Widespread
ensuring that women are at the
renewable energy uptake.
uptake of technologies like
heart of this transition. Australia
One in four homes in Australia
hydrogen, carbon capture
looks forward to partnering with
use solar energy, the highest
and storage, and long duration
you in this important work.
rate globally. By 2030, 55
energy storage can reduce
percent of our electricity will
and even eliminate emissions
Dr Kate O’Shaughnessy
come from renewables. But we’ll
in sectors responsible for
need women’s involvement to hit
90 percent of the world's
that target, a fact recognised
emissions.
Australian High Commissioner to Mauritius and Seychelles, Ambassador to Madagascar and Comoros
by industry programs like
Contributors: Dr. Kate O’Shaughnessy, Australian High Commissioner to Mauritius and Seychelles, Ambassador to Madagascar and Comoros Writer: Trisha Gukhool, Gender Consultant Editors: Amanda Serumaga, UNDP Resident Representative; Satyajeet Ramchurn, Head of Environment Department UNDP; Vichittra Purdassy, Project Manager - UNDP; Bibi Farzina Lowtun-Boolakee, Gender, Monitoring and Evaluation Officer for the CBIT project- UNDP; Stéphane Bellerose, Communication Specialist, UNDP; Sharon Sunassee, Communication Assistant, UNDP; and Jean-Yan Norbert, Communication Assistant, UNDP.
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EMPOWERING WOMEN IN EFFORTS TO BUILD A GREEN ECONOMY
H
istorically women have been invisible
availability of lighting, radio and television, which
in the energy sector. However, since
help increase women’s access to information and
the role of women in energy and
their ability to study.12 In this light, women across
renewable energy has emerged as
the world need energy, especially RE, not only to
3
an area of research in the 1980s , the gender gaps
meet their basic household needs, but increasingly
existing in this field of activity worldwide have been
to sustain their livelihoods, energy security,
exposed. Amongst the longstanding gender issues
economic empowerment and life opportunities. In a
which have been pointed out are cultural norms and
bid to empower women in RE and economically, the
stereotypes that portray women as less well-versed
UNDP is supporting a Green Climate Fund (GCF)
in technology and incapable of “building, operating
project entitled “Accelerating the transformational
and maintaining sophisticated technologies”,
shift to a low-carbon economy in the Republic of
4
5
and the under-representation of women in green
Mauritius”, which provides basic training on solar PV
jobs and STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering
installation for female entrepreneurs who can then
and Mathematics). In Mauritius, only 2.1% of women
potentially integrate RE in their business activities.
studied engineering at tertiary level in 2018 compared to 9.7% of men6.
To date, 21% of RE feed into the national grid of Mauritius. The latest national RE strategy aims
Fortunately, there are signs that the situation may
to increase this percentage to 35% by 2025 and
improve in the near future. Internationally, the
40% by 2030 as part of the Nationally Determined
Renewable Energy sector has been extending
Contributions under the Paris Agreement and to
its goals to create a more gender-inclusive
reduce the island’s CO2 emission and dependence
workplace culture. As a matter of fact, its workforce
upon imported fossil fuel (87.4%)13. To assist the
consists of 32% of women against 22% of women
Government of Mauritius in meeting its RE targets,
in the non-renewable energy sector. In Mauritius,
the UNDP is providing substantial support through
the number of green jobs in local energy sector
the GCF, with a grant of USD 28 million, together
is estimated at 448. (ILO, 2014) In 2010-11, overall
with over USD 162 millions of co-financing by
green jobs in Mauritius represented 6.3% of total
stakeholders and Government counterparts.
employment.
The grant will contribute to (i) review and update
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national policies for RE; (ii) procure and install Another pervasive gender issue playing against
cutting-edge technologies that enhance the national
women in the energy sector is the global calamity
grid’s absorption capacity of RE sources; and (iii)
of female poverty and the subsequent feminization
deploy 25MW of rooftop PV systems, especially for
of energy poverty . Mauritius is no exception, with
low-income households and financially-struggling
11% of women living below the poverty line
women-headed households.14 Other local schemes
compared to 9.6% of men11. According to Forbes,
underpinning the transition from brown to green
energy poverty affects 2 billion women worldwide.
energy, include the Home Solar Project launched
In contrast, research empirically shows that more
by the Central Electricity Board (CEB) and CEB
electricity empowers women. For example, energy
Green Ltd, which aims to install solar PV systems
access can increase female literacy through the
on 10,000 low-income household-rooftops by 2024.
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maintained that I would lose focus on my research work and for any error arising in my work, they would seek to confirm their apprehensions. Joining MARENA was a cornerstone in my career-path. However, stepping into the energy sector, my field of expertise, entailed other gendered barriers. Notwithstanding my qualifications and proficiency in energy technologies, I would be kept away from technical aspects of the sector by male collaborators; the general perception being that I would be technologically inept and incompetent due to my gender. In meetings, often being the only woman present, I had some difficulties being heard while giving my inputs on technical issues. These gendered impediments can lead to discouragement, but I am a determined person; fully committed and passionate about my work!
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PURSUING HER CAREER IN RENEWABLE ENERGY: KAJAL’S GOALS
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-year-old Kajal has a BSc in Science and two MSc degrees - one in Engineering and the other in
Renewable Energy; plus a PhD in Biochemistry, including Biomass. She is one of the few women in Mauritius to pursue a career in Engineering, Technology and Energy, a male-dominated field. Married and mother of two babies, she shares her experience as an ambitious young woman breaking gendered barriers to keep contributing to the 2030 renewable energy targets of Mauritius.
“
Prior to joining MARENA, the negative reactions I faced as a woman, professional and mother were striking! After giving birth, colleagues
At MARENA the work is versatile! The learning process is continuous as Renewable Energy is an ever-evolving field! My tasks vary from drafting, implementing and evaluating schemes on emerging innovative green energy technologies and regulations; leading awareness campaigns supported by the UNDP on the interface between green energy and Climate Change; carrying out committee reviews; devising funding strategies; compiling data on green jobs and RE for Mauritius; and participating in Advisory meetings on energyrelated policy issues. I also pursue latest courses and trainings available on green energy to keep my knowledge and skills up to date. One of the achievements I am most proud of is having discovered the reason behind the sharp drop in Mauritius’ ranking on the Global Innovation Index, that derived from a legal misunderstanding. After figuring it out, I contacted the focal point of World Bank to report. Thankfully, Mauritius’ legitimately impressive ranking was restored in the following year’s GII report!’
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Kajal explained that there are various types of RE sources which Mauritius can exploit, including solar, water, wind, and biomass energy. However, since sugarcane plantation is waning, the production of energy from bagasse will inevitably decrease, and
of photovoltaic, has thus far been positive. Beneficiaries even get the chance to learn to manually repair and fix the PV, which boosts their interest in technology and elevates their experience with RE.
it is thus important to look for new solutions.
“
At MARENA, we are working hard towards finding prospective RE sources, state of the art technologies and processes that can help to expand the current local green energy production capacity. One of our forthcoming projects is floating solar PV, which is still at the conception phase. I am persuaded that the national targets of reaching 35% of RE in 2025 and 40% in 2030 are attainable, and women have a key role to play in this endeavor. Women, especially in female-headed households, seem to understand and embrace the initiative of installing rooftop solar PV. The response to our training sessions tailored for women entrepreneurs on the basics
Even if many are doubtful about the efficiency of Renewable Energy, Kajal reassures that PV technologies are evolving and that in the longterm solar energy accounts to less CO2 emissions overall than fossil fuel. Moreover, in the last decade the price of solar PV panels has also dropped by approximately 80%, making them more affordable.
“
I urge people not to underestimate Climate Change impacts and the instrumental role that RE plays in cutting CO2 emission. People should be more energy-conscious in general and harness renewable energy - and I fully encourage women to commit to and embrace this endeavor."
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SIDS AS WORLD LEADERS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY: FIONA’S OPTIMISM
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-year-old Fiona is the Senior Program Manager of the Clinton Climate Initiative’s Islands Energy Program, a job that entails propelling RE technologies in global island communities. Her studies in Political Economy and her prior experience in renewable energies help her to grasp the key economic factors that influence governments to take economic policy decisions regarding RE, alongside ecological imperatives.
“
There is an assumption that one needs to have a technical background to step into the energy sector. But this sector, like any others, requires and depends upon a range of talents, expertise, knowledge, and skills to evolve and progress. Diversity in the workplace, encompassing gender, age, race, and educational background, fosters this value creation. I have worked with influential women, with very diverse educational and professional
backgrounds, who have made major contributions to the Renewable Energy field. Founded in 2016, our WiRE (Women in RE) network at the Clinton Foundation comprises highly qualified and competent women energy professionals, including engineers, policymakers, entrepreneurs, and lawyers, amongst others. It is a platform linking them to share experiences, know-how and skills. They often share their experiences of unconscious gender bias, gender discrimination and glassceiling barriers across the energy sector. To address the widespread issue of women’s invisibility in the energy sector, we compile a database of female speakers who are ready to be deployed as panelists and speakers in energy forums, conferences, roundtables, etc. The point is that these women are pivotal role models with whom other women and girls can associate to subsequently join the energy industry, or pursue a career in STEM fields. Through the Islands Energy Program founded in 2012, we have a strong focus on solar projects. All the islands with whom we collaborate benefit from a cost-free natural resource - the sun. Currently, I am supporting the pioneering floating solar project in the Seychelles, a technology that Mauritius is also likely to adopt. I am proud to be part of this project, which will be a steppingstone to the evolution of solar technologies, especially for islands around the world that usually face land shortage problems. Islands are proving to be phenomenal leaders in the RE revolution!” Fiona strongly believes that the global transition towards RE is slowly but surely heading in the right direction. With innovative technologies, stronger storage systems, national support of utilityscale projects and genuine sustainable activities occurring in the sector, the fight against Climate Change is being addressed more efficiently.
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“
In Mauritius, we continue to collaborate with various stakeholders on governmental projects. The solar entrepreneurship training that benefitted approximately 80 women last year is an example of the laudable initiatives that brought multiple stakeholders together, including the Ministry of Energy and Public Utilities and MARENA, UNDP, MITD and CEB. We contributed advisory services to include analysis of ownership options for rooftop solar projects, specifically looking at NGOs, public buildings, and low and middle-income households, with an emphasis on womenheaded households. It is truly vital to mainstream gender in energy, including both women’s inclusion in the energy workforce and women’s access to energy. Green energy, specifically, underpins and improves women's livelihoods and economic opportunities.”
According to Fiona, the youth of today are more aware and concerned about Climate Change issues than the preceding generations. Disseminating scientific knowledge and facts on the global climate crisis and the benefits of RE via media platforms creates powerful movements and more worldwide endorsement of RE.
“
I think that we need to exert our responsibility at both personal and community levels when taking fundamental steps towards tackling Climate Change. Individual responsibility and collective action are key when advocating for the inclusion of sustainable energy in the fight against Climate Change."
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TAKING PART IN THE GLOBAL REVOLUTION TOWARDS RENEWABLE ENERGY: GONUSHA’S PRIDE
“
I recently joined CEB as an Engineer in RE. It was a natural transition from my previous job in building services, where my tasks included designing building requirements in terms of services, analyzing the energy efficiency of buildings, finding strategic ways to mitigate overconsumption of energy and implementing energy saving measures aligned with progressive governmental policies on energy consumption.
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-year-old Gonusha is among one of the few women in the Central Electricity Board (CEB) working as an engineer in the field of Renewable Energy. Driven by her passion for STEM subjects at school level, she undertook engineering studies at university and thereafter a career in the energy sector, spanning broad aspects of energy to renewable alternatives. She describes her growing interest and faith in Renewable Energy, which she considers as a major solution to fighting Climate Change and saving the planet.
The energy sector is inherently challenging and obviously more so for women. Throughout the years, I have had to overcome multiple obstacles due to my gender in this historically male-dominated sector. Women engineers tend to be more integrated and accepted once their competence is proven and acknowledged by colleagues – an attitude which is not expressed towards male workers. Today, I lead a team of senior technical officers and technicians. I do not really experience
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country. COVID-19 has unfortunately caused major disruptions in our time plans, but we are doing everything possible to provide a better service. The pandemic has also exposed the risks of being dependent upon fossil fuel; and of facing a shortage due to stringent lockdowns. This has fueled our own determination to continue pursuing RE alternatives. By doing so, we also mitigate risks linked to fossil fuel transportation at sea such as oil spills, and other issues linked to foreign exchange fluctuations and CO2 emissions. According to Gonusha, it is important to strategically target women to support Renewable Energy in the energy mix.
gendered barriers in my internal work sphere, though external stakeholders, at times, show concerns and bias because I am a woman." Gonusha occasionally leads awareness campaigns on RE to educate people about the importance of shifting from fossil fuel to zero CO2-emitter sources of energy.
“
It is quite challenging to translate technical terminologies into simple words for the public. However, I put a lot of effort in explaining to participants about the close link between clean energy and the fight against Climate Change. It is important that people assimilate the ‘bigger picture’. Concurrently, I keep informing all our energy technicians about the importance of their work to the broader common goal! As a woman working in the RE sector, I am proud of my contribution to the implementation of RE projects for the
In many households, despite traditional gender stereotypes and roles, women have decision-making power and influence over household bills and other expenditures. In this respect, women are the backbone of sustainable energy democracy at grassroots household level. Their consideration towards their family’s and community’s welfare has made them conscious of the advantages of clean energy for the future generations.
“
Women have an important and meaningful role to play in the energy sector. We must imperatively encourage more girls to pursue careers in STEM and green sectors/jobs like RE. It is indeed important to bridge longstanding gender gaps, but we must also ensure that women are present and active in industries of the future, like renewables."
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SELLING ‘ECO-FRIENDLY’ ROTI AND JUICE, FOR SHARMEELA
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-year-old Sharmeela feels lucky that her
household has been selected for the implementation of the Home Solar project launched by CEB Green Energy Co. Ltd in 2018. Meant to endow 10,000 low-income households with cost-free rooftop solar PV kits,
From our meagre total household income, we used to struggle to pay the monthly bills! However, the installation of the solar PV system on my roof was a turning point as only one month after the installation process, my electricity bill dropped by almost 50%!’’
this award-winning project also offers 50 kWh of free electricity monthly for a period of 20 years to its beneficiaries. With such advantages, Sharmeela, who sells ‘rotis’ and juice in her small snack in Goodlands, has seen quick improvements in her livelihood.
“
I used to work as a maid and my husband is a lorry driver. Two years ago, I decided to open a small snack shop in the premises of my home to sell ‘rotis’ (Mauritian pancakes) and juice. The electricity bills would often reach an exorbitant Rs 1200 per month for the few electrical appliances that we use. Besides the lighting system, I have two fridges - one for the house and one for the snacks, a washing machine, and an electrical internet system.
Sharmeela wishes to encourage more women to embrace rooftop solar PV for their home or business, to tap into the economic benefits of RE energy consumption. She also wishes to raise fundamental awareness on the salient ecological aspects and benefits of RE, which will ultimately reduce their carbon footprint.
At first, I was concerned about the feasibility of installing solar PV on my iron-sheet roof. However, I was reassured that my roof was not an obstacle to fix PV panels. I was amazed at how smoothly the procedures unfolded from the moment that we were told that we were amongst the selectees. Recently, the officers of the CEB even came to check the PVs’ condition to see if maintenance was required. Today, not only my home, but also my snack shop is powered by RE. As a woman entrepreneur, I am proud to operate a small business that sources clean energy from an advanced technology that saves me money every month. It is economically empowering!’
“
I really hope that households, especially womenheaded households and women entrepreneurs, will invest in solar PV systems and pave the way for a greener economy, healthier environment and hopeful future. Despite the sharp fall in PV’s price over the years, affording solar energy may still be beyond poor people’s reach. Interested women can receive some form of financial aid like governmental subsidies and/or targeted PV solar loan benefits for vulnerable women (like single mothers) and women entrepreneurs.
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FINDINGS
A
ccording to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), the number of jobs in renewables could rise from 10.3 million in 2017 to almost 29 million by 2050.15 However, RE is non-gender neutral and currently employs only 32% of women worldwide. Moreover, there is emerging evidence of pre-existing gendered barriers that pervade the historically male-dominated energy sector, encapsulating renewables, even in the Mauritian context.
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Drawing upon the lived experiences of the female informants in this newsletter, specific challenges faced by women in energy and RE are illustrated. To date, ingrained gender norms and stereotypes depicting women as generally uninterested and inept in energy, prevail in sociocultural and socioeconomic systems. Also, qualified and competent women professionals in energy and STEM fields are not spared of conscious and unconscious gender biases against their proficiency. These gender biases, which hinder women’s advancement in the energy sector, are also likely to discourage the female workforce from stepping into or remaining in STEM fields or complex/innovative projects16. Furthermore, such barriers to the integration of women are likely to impede the energy sector itself. Due to a lack of diversity, the sector is prone to be undermined by limited talents, glass ceiling hindrances and unaddressed gender pay gaps. Women’s presence in the energy sector is, thus, important to motivate future generations of women to join in, and to create an energy work environment that fosters diversity, inclusivity and equity. Tackling the feminization of energy poverty and promoting the integration of women in the energy sector as empowered economic agents, requires strategic gender responses to women’s specific needs. This is a challenge to address both at policy level and within the energy work system.
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